398. Random Pick Index - Detailed Explanation

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Problem Statement

Description:
You are given an integer array nums that may contain duplicates, and an integer target. Implement a function pick(target) that randomly returns an index i such that nums[i] == target. If there are multiple occurrences of the target, every valid index should have equal probability of being returned. You can assume that the target always exists in the array.

Example 1:

Input:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 3, 3], target = 3
Output:
Returns either index 2, 3, or 4 randomly.
Explanation:
The target 3 occurs at indices 2, 3, and 4. Each index should be returned with equal probability (1/3).

Example 2:

Input:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 3, 3], target = 1
Output:
Returns index 0
Explanation:
The target 1 occurs only at index 0.

Constraints:

1 ≤ nums.length ≤ 10⁵
-10⁹ ≤ nums[i] ≤ 10⁹
The target is guaranteed to exist in nums.

Hints to Approach the Problem

Hint 1:
Since there may be duplicate elements, you need to find all the indices where nums[i] == target and then choose one randomly with uniform probability.
Hint 2:
One approach is to precompute a mapping from each number to all its indices. Then the pick function simply retrieves the list of indices for the target and selects one at random.
Hint 3:
To save extra space, consider using reservoir sampling. As you iterate through the array, count the occurrences of the target and, for each occurrence, decide with probability 1/count whether to update the result. This way, you can return a uniformly random index in one pass without storing all indices.

Approaches

Approach 1: Preprocessing with Extra Space

Idea:
In the constructor, traverse the array and build a dictionary (or hashmap) that maps each number to a list of its indices. Then, the pick function simply returns a random index from the list associated with the target.
Pros:
- pick runs in O(1) time.
Cons:
- Requires O(n) extra space.

Approach 2: Reservoir Sampling (Optimal In-Place)

Idea:
When pick(target) is called, iterate through the array and use reservoir sampling to choose one index uniformly at random:
1. Initialize a count and a result variable.
2. For each index i where nums[i] == target, increment the count.
3. With probability 1/count, update the result to the current index.
Pros:
- Uses O(1) extra space.
Cons:
- Each call to pick takes O(n) time.

Code Implementations

Python Code (Reservoir Sampling)

Python3

. . . .

Java Code (Reservoir Sampling)

Java

. . . .

Complexity Analysis

Time Complexity:
- Reservoir Sampling Approach:
  Each call to pick(target) iterates through the entire array, taking O(n) time.
Space Complexity:
- Reservoir Sampling Approach:
  Uses O(1) extra space aside from the input array.
- Preprocessing Approach (if used):
  Requires O(n) extra space to store the mapping from numbers to their indices.

Step-by-Step Walkthrough (Reservoir Sampling)

Initialization:
- Store the array nums in the constructor.
Calling pick(target):
- Initialize count to 0 and result to -1.
- Iterate through each index i in nums:
  - If nums[i] equals the target, increment count.
  - Generate a random number in the range [1, count]. If this random number equals count, update result to i.
- After the loop, return result.
Random Selection:
- The reservoir sampling technique ensures that each valid index (where nums[i] == target) is selected with equal probability (1/total count).

Visual Example

Consider nums = [1, 2, 3, 3, 3] and target = 3.

Iteration 1:
Index 0: nums[0] = 1 (skip since not equal to target).
Iteration 2:
Index 1: nums[1] = 2 (skip).
Iteration 3:
Index 2: nums[2] = 3 (match).
- count = 1.
- With probability 1 (since 1/1 = 1), set result = 2.
Iteration 4:
Index 3: nums[3] = 3 (match).
- count = 2.
- With probability 1/2, possibly update result to 3.
- If the random condition fails, result remains 2.
Iteration 5:
Index 4: nums[4] = 3 (match).
- count = 3.
- With probability 1/3, possibly update result to 4.

Each valid index (2, 3, or 4) ends up being chosen with probability 1/3.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect Probability Calculation:
Not updating the count correctly or using an incorrect probability condition may result in biased selection.
Failure to Traverse Entire Array:
Ensure that the entire array is processed during each call to pick.

Edge Cases

Single Occurrence:
When the target appears only once, the function should always return that index.
Large Array:
Although each call to pick is O(n), the reservoir sampling method uses constant extra space and is efficient for large arrays given the constraints.

Preprocessing for Faster pick Calls:
If you expect many calls to pick and are allowed extra space, you can precompute a mapping from target values to index lists.
Randomized Selection Problems:
Other problems where you need to pick an element uniformly at random from a stream or list (reservoir sampling is a common technique).

Shuffle an Array
Randomized Set
Reservoir Sampling (general algorithm for stream processing)