Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Flash Sale: Capacity Estimation

Step 3: Back-of-the-Envelope Capacity Estimation

Let’s estimate the scale to ensure our design can handle it:

  • Concurrent Users: Assume a peak of ~5 million concurrent users on the site during the sale. (Flash sales of popular brands can attract millions globally in a short window.) Not every user generates a request every second, but many will repeatedly refresh or navigate. If even half of them perform an action in a given second, that’s ~2.5 million operations/second across the system

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