Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Gmail: Capacity Estimation

Step 3: Back-of-the-Envelope Capacity Estimation

Before choosing specific technologies, it's important to gauge the scale of the system:

  • User Base: Assume on the order of 1 billion total registered users, similar to Gmail’s scale. Out of these, ~500 million are daily active users (DAU) who regularly log in and check or send emails. Peak concurrent users could be tens of millions at any given moment, given global usage across time zones.

  • Email Volume: Globally, around 300 billion emails are sent per day (by all services) as of the early 2020s

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