Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Gmail: Reliability and Availability

Step 9: Reliability and Availability Considerations

Designing for 99.999% uptime and high reliability requires eliminating single points of failure and preparing for disasters. Here are the key reliability strategies:

  • Redundant Instances (No SPOF): Every component should have multiple instances running. No single server failure should bring down a service. For example, multiple SMTP receiver servers as mentioned, multiple web frontends, multiple database nodes, etc. If one fails, others take over the load

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