Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Gmail: Scalability and Performance

Step 8: Scalability and Performance Strategies

To meet the scale we estimated earlier, the system needs several strategies at once: load balancing, partitioning, caching, and asynchronous work. This step walks through each one and what it buys us.

Horizontal scaling and load balancing. Every stateless service can grow by adding more instances behind a load balancer. That covers SMTP receivers, web frontends, and IMAP servers. If incoming mail rises, we deploy more SMTP servers in each data center. The load balancer then spreads connections by least load or round-robin

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