Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Gmail: Scalability and Performance

Step 8: Scalability and Performance Strategies

To meet the scale requirements, the system must employ various strategies for load balancing, partitioning, caching, and asynchronous processing. We outline these strategies and how they ensure the system runs efficiently as it grows.

  • Horizontal Scaling & Load Balancing: Every stateless service (SMTP receivers, web frontends, IMAP servers, etc.) can be scaled out by adding more instances behind load balancers. For example, if the incoming email rate increases, we can deploy more SMTP server instances in each data center

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