Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Step 9: Failure Modes and Operations

Only Apple can deliver a notification to an iPhone, and only Google's service reaches most Android phones. Email and SMS also leave through companies we do not control. We cannot prevent their failures. We can only decide how our system behaves while they last. This lesson covers five such failures, shown in the diagram below.

A provider is down or throttling

An SMS gateway starts returning 503, or a push service starts rate limiting. Workers retry, the retries fail, and that channel's queue grows. Three measures keep the problem inside one channel.

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