Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Payment System: Scalability and Performance

Step 7: Scalability and Performance Strategies

  • Horizontal Scaling: All stateless services (API Gateway, Payment Service, Fraud Service, Webhook Service, etc.) run in a cluster and can scale out by adding more instances behind load balancers. During peak loads (e.g., Black Friday sales), auto-scaling can spin up additional instances to handle increased TPS.
  • Database Sharding and Replication: Partition the Transaction Database by merchant or region to spread write load. Use read replicas to serve heavy read queries (e.g., for generating reports) without impacting writes

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