Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Payment System: Scalability and Performance

Step 7: Scalability and Performance Strategies

The design is correct on paper. Now we ask whether it keeps working under the load we estimated in Step 3.

Horizontal scaling. All stateless services run in a cluster: the API Gateway, the Payment Service, the Fraud Service, the Webhook Service, and the rest. They scale out by adding instances behind load balancers. During peak loads like Black Friday sales, auto-scaling starts extra instances to handle the higher TPS (transactions per second).

**Database sharding and replication

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