Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Step 7: Scalability and Performance

Suppose a large retailer starts a holiday sale and its checkout traffic jumps. The stateless services, from the API Gateway to the webhook service, are easy: autoscaling adds instances behind a load balancer before a planned peak.

The parts that hold state are harder, and the sale exposes five problems:

  1. One merchant outgrows its shard.
  2. Replicas lag, and some reads decide whether money moves.
  3. Duplicate requests and repeated lookups load the database.
  4. A slow bank ties up the Payment Service.
  5. A region fails.

Problem 1: One merchant outgrows its shard

Sharding by

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