Grokking the System Design Interview, Volume II
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Deep Dive

We just compared HDFS's architecture to GFS's. Now we look closer at a few of the design choices behind it.

Cluster topology

A data center holds many racks of servers, connected through switches. A typical Hadoop cluster puts about 30 to 40 servers on each rack. Each rack has its own gigabit switch, connecting every server on it, plus an uplink to a core switch or router. That core switch's bandwidth is shared by many racks in the data center. The figure below shows this layout.

When HDFS is deployed on a cluster, each server is mapped to a particular rack

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