Normalization vs Denormalization

An online store sells a product called "Wireless Mouse". Its name appears in 40,000 order records. Then the marketing team renames the product to "Wireless Mouse Pro".

If the name is stored in one place, and every order points to it, the rename is one update. But suppose the name was copied into all 40,000 order rows to make order pages load faster. Then the rename is 40,000 updates. If even one update is missed, the system stores two different names for the same product.

This is the trade-off between normalization and denormalization