System Design Patterns: From Fundamentals to Real Systems
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Exactly-Once Semantics
1. The Incident
The store meters partner API usage and bills for it: a streaming job counts each partner's calls per day and feeds invoices. It is the most money-sensitive pipeline in the company, and it has been quietly wrong in both directions.
Month one: overbilling. A routine crash-and-rewind (the stream lesson's ordinary recovery) reprocessed forty minutes of events, and the running counts absorbed them twice. Partner A was billed for 1,041 calls; their own logs show 987. They audited
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