System Design Patterns: From Fundamentals to Real Systems

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Load Balancing

1. The Incident

The stateless fleet is live: six identical servers behind that "simple traffic splitter" from Tuesday. The splitter does exactly one thing: request one to server 1, request two to server 2, around the circle forever. It seems fine. It is fine: until 2:14 AM.

Server 4's disk fills (a runaway log file). It doesn't crash: worse, it sickens: requests start taking 20 seconds, then failing outright. And the splitter, which knows nothing about health, keeps doing its one job: around the circle, one-sixth of all traffic, straight into the sick server

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