What are the two schemes of distributed system?

2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Scheme

In this scheme, all nodes (peers) are equal and share resources without a centralized server. Each node acts as both a client and a server.

• Features: Decentralization, dynamic scalability, and resource sharing.
• Examples: File-sharing networks (e.g., BitTorrent), blockchain systems.
• Advantages: Fault-tolerant, scalable, and removes dependency on a central server.
• Disadvantages: Difficult to manage, and performance depends on the cooperation of peers.

Both schemes are widely used in distributed systems depending on the application’s needs, offering trade-offs in terms of scalability, fault tolerance, and complexity.